BeGging the question ( p 3 t I t i O P r I c i P i I )

there are four categories of 'begging the questions', as shown in the picture above.

petitio principii fallacy

this is a fallacy used to avoid an argument by using "S is true, because S is true".

for example:
A: Why do you saying that it is important to study hard? is it really by study hard we can get a good job in the future?
B: The competition out there is getting higher. To compete with others and getting a good job in the future, you must start by now!! Study hard!!

circular argument

~ because the conclusion essentially appears both at the beginning and the end of the argument, it creates an endless circle. This kind of argument assumes premises of a statement has the same meaning as the conclusion.

for example:
You want to get good result in your final because you are smart. You are smart because you are hardworking. You are hardworking because you want to get good result in your final.

burden of proof fallacy

this fallacy occurs when someone who is making a claim that is hard to support shifts the responsibility to the other person in the argument.

for example:
A: Why is it we need to pay IT fees?
B: Why don't you ask this question to the Principal of MMU in person?
A: Why can't i ask you?

red herring

this is a fallacy used to sidetrack the audience by rising an irrelevant issue and then claims that the original issue has been settled by the irrelevant diversion.

for example:
You are saying that i lied to Yenn. But, please do not forget that I'm the one who guiding you in mathes. So please do not make that as an issue, okay?

My r O o m M s t 3 s...

today, one of my room mate(qing), took one of her bag out and the other room mate(Yy) said that there is someone saw Qing and said that she looks cool.. i asked her what do they mean by the word "cool".. and Yy said cool means cool!!..

in this conversation, Yy has used the vague word when she said that her friend said Qing is cool.. in what sense does she looks cool and what characteristics can one person can be described as cool? i don get the clear picture from that statement. the word COOL doesn't have a clear meaning in it..

another fallacy that was used by Yy is Pettitio principii. when i asked her what do they mean by the word "cool", she said cool means cool.. in this case, she doesn't give any reason on why they describe a person as cool.. it is clear that she has used pettitio principii in our conversation.