1) Reconstruction
2) assessment
3) evaluation
4) fallacies identification
The following discussion will be on the ad horminem fallacy
as we can see from the chart above, the ad horminem fallacy can be divided into three main types.
ad horminem abusive
this fallacy is used to attack the person who is making the argument, rather than the ideas in the argument.
for example:
Study hard then we will be able to get good result. Don't listen to lazy people who do not have ideas on what they're talking about.
ad horminem circumstantial
this is a fallacy used to dismiss an argument by attacking people who presumably accept that argument because it addresses the circumstances of those who hold the position.
for example:
Mr. Johnson says that vitamin pills is good for health if it is being consumed in adequate volume. But, he is the project manager of the vitamin pill company, so it is not surprise for him to say that consuming vitamin pills is good for health since he wants lots of people to buy the vitamin.
tu quoque
this fallacy is used to accuse another person of the ame trait or characteristic that person has attributed to you.
for example:
How can you say that i did not study for my mid-term test? Since you are watching TVB drama right before the mid-term test, and did not study for mid-term test.
